Human papillomavirus: typing and genotyping

More than 120 types of HPV are known to medicine, which are classified by different approaches. There is a summary table of the main types of virus, compiled according to the results of large-scale screening studies:

Symptoms	Type
Leather:
Plantar warts	1, 2, 4
Frequent warts	2, 4, 26, 27, 29, 57
Flat warts	3, 10, 28, 49
Butcher's warts	7
Epidermodysplasia wart	5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 19, 36
Skin lesions without warts	37, 38
Genital mucosa:
Genital warts	6, 11, 42, 43, 44, 54
Non-dendylomatous lesions	6, 11, 16, 18, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 51, 52, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 64, 67, 68, 69, 70
Carcinoma	16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 54, 56, 66, 68
Lesions of the mucous membranes, not the genitals:
Laryngeal papilloma	6, 11, 30
Carcinoma of the neck, tongue	2, 6, 11, 16, 18, 30

All neoplasms are divided according to the oncological danger, the location and the shape of the skin growths.

1. Localization of the infection: Alpha - affects the mucous membranes of the genitals in men and women, manifests itself with warts. Beta - affects the superficial layers of the epidermis, manifests itself on the superficial layers of the epidermis with classic warts.
2. The genotype of the virus determines its oncogenic potential, ie the ability to cause oncological degeneration of infected tissues. Genotyping distinguishes these types of infections by the risk of oncogenicity: Low risk - 6, 11, 42, 43, 44, 53, 54, 55. Intermediate - 30, 31, 33, 35, 39, 51, 52, 58, 66 High rice- 16, 18, 45, 56.
3. Forms of skin neoplasms. Papillomas are divided into five main categories. Simple ones are the most common type of growth. With its development, a keratinized tubercle with a warm color is formed. Warts are localized on the skin, both individually and in groups. Most often they appear on the inside and outside of the hand, the lower part of the face (lips, chin). There are also plantar growths. Flat - have a dark color and look like small lumps on the skin. As a rule, they appear in the upper part of the body, less often on the genitals. Very often they feel in adolescence with a failure of the immune system, arising in the neck and arms. Acute - warts affect the mucous membranes and are included in the category of oncogenic risk. Filiform - acrochord or senile papillomas occur in middle-aged and elderly people. Internal moles - located on the internal organs. This category includes warts on the walls of the stomach and rectum, growths in the mouth and bladder.

The method of diagnosis, treatment and prevention depends on the type of tumor.

High-risk human papillomaviruses

HPV is one of the most common viruses. Infection most often occurs through sexual and domestic contact. For many years, the virus may remain dormant and not show up. It can be activated by various factors, such as a weakened immune system or chronic diseases.

High-risk human papillomaviruses are especially dangerous. This category includes:

• Average oncogenicity - 30, 31, 33, 35, 39, 51, 52, 58, 66
• High carcinogenicity - 16, 18, 45, 56, 59, 68.

Oncogenic human papillomaviruses

Carcinogenic HPV poses a serious danger, ie viruses that can cause malignant degeneration of healthy cells. The risk group includes the following genotypes: 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 68, 56, 58, 39, 70. They significantly increase the likelihood of developing cancer of the genitals, uterus, anus and urethra.

Oncogenic viruses are manifested by genital warts. Their appearance is a signal to seek medical help and remove tumors.

Human papillomavirus 1

This infectious agent causes the development of heel and ordinary warts. Very often with this papillomavirus, deep lesions appear on the legs, causing discomfort and pain to the user. Swelling may form on the back of the hands and on the chin. In some cases, they appear on the eyelids, scalp, fingers and toes.

This type of virus has low oncogenicity. At the same time, it is impossible to completely remove it from the body. Modern medicines are able to temporarily stop working. The treatment is aimed at eliminating aesthetic problems, ie removing growths. In the future, therapy is carried out to increase the immune system's defenses. It is mandatory to prescribe drugs that inhibit papillomatosis.

Human papillomavirus 4

Another common form of viral disease. Manifested with heel and ordinary warts. As the growths develop, they darken and acquire a rough surface. In some cases, smaller growths form around a large wart.

Patients complain of itching, burning and pain in the affected area. HPV 4 also promotes the development of calluses and calluses on the feet.

This genotype does not pose a risk of malignant transformation. Surgical removal of growths with further immunotherapy of the patient is used for treatment.

Human papillomavirus 5

Responsible for the development of various types of growths. Most often, papilloma virus 5 leads to the appearance of warts or verruciform epidermodysplasia. The disease is rare and manifests itself as a large accumulation of warts. The pathological condition develops in youth and continues throughout life. According to statistics, women are more likely to get sick than men.

Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EVL) is essentially a unique predisposition of the epidermis to papillomavirus infection. In this case, HPV 5 has a high carcinogenicity, ie the risk of degeneration of skin changes into squamous cell carcinoma.

Typical symptoms of epidermodysplasia:

• Small wart growths that merge into large lesions as they grow.
• The rash appears on the face, back, neck, abdomen and even on the buttocks.
• When the skin is damaged, linear wart structures appear at the site of the wound.
• The growths on the body and limbs are larger and denser than on the face and neck.

Human papillomavirus 6

The sixth type of HPV is diagnosed in middle-aged and older people. The neoplasms are pink or flesh-colored and resemble a cauliflower. This type of papillomavirus is included in the group of infections with low oncogenicity and increases the risk of such pathologies:

• Genital warts (warts).
• Laryngeal papillomatosis.
• Non-condylomatous genital lesions.
• Conjunctival papillomas.

Treatment consists of antiviral and restorative therapy, surgical removal of the neoplasm. Particular attention is paid to preventive measures: personal hygiene, balanced diet, increased immunity.

Human papillomavirus 7

As a result of HPV 7 infection, so-called meat warts or warts appear on the skin. They are painless, light brown growths that are most often localized in the elbows and shoulders.

Warts with meat are found in people who have frequent contact with raw meat. The infection enters the skin through minor lesions. The growths appear on the elbows and arms in convex, painless formations.

Human papillomavirus 11

Papilloma virus type 11 is most commonly diagnosed in women and manifests as genital warts. The pathological process involves the skin and mucous membranes. This HPV has low carcinogenicity, ie it is not susceptible to malignant transformation.

Men and women who are sexually active and often change sexual partners are at risk for this disease. Infection can occur with other genital infections. When infected with genome 11, the pathogen enters the human chromosome set, infecting the carrier's daughter cells.

The main symptoms of the disease are:

• Single or multiple rashes.
• The growths in women appear on the labia, cervix, clitoris, urethra.
• In men, neoplasms appear on the head and body of the penis, scrotum, frenum.
• In both sexes, papillomas have adjacent localizations: anus, perineum, oropharynx, bladder, perianal area.

Diagnosis is performed according to the type of bulk structures and is not difficult. It is impossible to completely destroy the virus, but there are a number of therapeutic methods that can suppress its activity. Special drugs are used for this. Cryodestruction methods, laser therapy and other surgical techniques are used to remove skin changes.

Prevention of HPV 11 infection is based on adherence to barrier methods of contraception to prevent infection during sexual intercourse. It is also recommended to strengthen the immune system to increase its protective properties.

Human papillomavirus 12

Under the influence of certain factors, HPV 12 can manifest as epidermodysplasia of verruciform or warts. This pathological condition is also called Lewandowski-Lutz disease. It refers to a genetic disease.

Papilloma virus 12 requires a complete diagnosis. This is due to the fact that the disease caused by it can lead to severe dermatological defects and severe complications. In ¼ patients, transformation of the affected tissues into squamous cell carcinoma was observed.

Human papillomavirus 16

One of the most common papillomaviruses diagnosed in 60% of people is HPV 16 (human papillomavirus). This type of infection is oncogenic and leads to the following pathologies:

• Non-condylomatous genital lesions.
• Genital cancer.
• Carcinoma of the neck, tongue.

After infection, the virus enters the DNA areas of healthy cells, thus disrupting the body's natural antitumor immunity. According to statistics, in 42% of cases, the 16th genotype is the main cause of cervical cancer.

Human papillomavirus 18

One of the most common urogenital viral infections is papillomatosis. Type 18 of this infection is associated with diseases such as HPV 16: cervical dysplasia, cervical cancer. It has high oncogenicity. Embedding in the human genome provokes the growth of benign growths that gradually degenerate into cancer. In 70% of cases, HPV 18 is found in women with uterine cancer.

Treatment is prescribed only after a complete diagnosis and establishment of the likelihood of malignancy of the neoplasm. The therapy consists of surgical removal of growths, 2-3 courses of antiviral and immunostimulating drugs. At the same time, one must take into account the fact that today there are no drugs that completely neutralize the 18th genotype of papillomavirus.

Human papillomavirus 21

Another type of infection that causes epidermodysplasia verruciformis is HPV 21. At the same time, it belongs to viruses with low carcinogenicity. It most commonly presents as anogenital warts and laryngeal papillomatosis.

Since the infection does not penetrate the bloodstream, but only affects the skin, then scrapings of the epidermis and smears of the mucous membranes are used for diagnosis. Complex treatment aimed at eliminating skin defects and strengthening the immune system.

Human papillomavirus 31

To date, more than a hundred papillomaviruses are known, including oncogenic ones, ie those that can provoke malignant processes in the body. HPV 31 refers to an infection with moderate carcinogenicity, which under the influence of certain factors leads to cancer lesions.

31 genotypes are associated with the following diseases:

• Neoplasia of 2 and 3 degrees of severity.
• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.
• Penile cancer.
• Anal cancer.
• Cancer of the oral cavity and larynx.
• Bowen's disease.
• Keira's erythroplasia.
• Dental complications.

The infection most often occurs during unprotected intercourse and poses the same danger to both women and men. Infection is possible when the virus comes into contact with an open wound or during the birth process, ie transmission from mother to child.

Human papillomavirus 33

HPV of this type is most often diagnosed in women, as it contributes to the development of such diseases:

• Non-condylomatous genital lesions.
• Genital cancer.
• Dysplasia of the cervix.
• Cervical cancer.

The pathological condition is considered anthroponic, the infection occurs only between people. 2-4 months after HPV 33 enters the body, genital warts begin to form on the genitals with accompanying painful symptoms.

Human papillomavirus 35

Infection with this HPV is dangerous because of the development of malignant processes in the body. Type 35 is diagnosed in both men and women, but only in the latter does it cause serious problems.

The infection is manifested by condyloma lesions of the perineum, external genitalia, anus and oral cavity (root of the tongue, inner part of the cheek). The infection can cause the development of dysplasia and cancer of the cervix.

It is not so easy to cure HPV 35, which is why special attention is paid to preventive measures: protective sex, healthy lifestyle, strengthening the immune system and more. In case of infection, treatment consists of a set of techniques aimed at eliminating skin defects and suppressing the activity of papillomatosis.

Human papillomavirus 39

This genotype poses a serious danger and threat to life, as it contributes to the degeneration of healthy tissues into malignant ones. Women are most sensitive to HPV 39, as it causes damage to the internal genitals. The infection can cause dysplasia and cervical cancer.

The infection may not manifest itself in any way for a long period of time by eating healthy tissues and increasing in size.

• External symptoms of infection are skin growths on the inner walls of the vagina, the mucous membranes of the cervical canal, in the cervical region.
• Less commonly, warts form on the external genitalia, as well as around the urethral outlet or near the anus.
• The neoplasms appear as single and multiple growths that outwardly resemble cauliflower.

Human papillomavirus 44

From the point of view of oncology, type 44 HPV does not pose a danger. In this case, the infection with this infection is manifested through genital warts and genital warts on the cervix and other important organs.

The treatment of skin growths is performed to eliminate the aesthetic discomfort, ie the neoplasms are removed. Also, all patients are prescribed a course of antiviral drugs and immunostimulants to suppress papillomatous infection in the body.

Human papillomavirus 45

Another member of the group of oncogenic papillomaviruses with a high risk of degeneration is type 45. The infection is characterized by the following manifestations:

• Genital warts.
• Bowinoid papulosis.
• Genital warts.
• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.

The infection occurs during unprotected intercourse. A person is a carrier of the virus, although he does not know about it. In women, the infection manifests itself as warts on the genitals. The pathology is very dangerous for the female body and requires serious treatment. It can take more than 20 years from the time of infection to the development of a malignant tumor caused by HPV 45.

In the diagnostic process, PCR, digen test, calcoscopy, biopsy and cytological examinations are performed to identify the pathogenic genotype. Treatment depends on the stage of the disease.

Human papillomavirus 51

This type of HPV belongs to anogenital infections with a medium oncogenic risk. Infection occurs mainly through sexual contact and can lead to the following problems:

• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.
• Oncological lesions of the anus, vulva or vagina in women.
• Malignant neoplasms in the anus and penis in men.
• Genital warts.
• Giant Bushke-Levenstein warts.

To diagnose HPV, 51 patients must undergo a urogenital smear. With its help, clinical confirmation of the presence of infection in the body, genotyping and risk assessment of malignancy is performed.

There are no specially formulated drugs to treat this type of infection. The therapy is aimed at preventing malignant transformations and mobilizing the body's antitumor immunity.

Human papillomavirus 52

According to medical statistics, HPV 52 is identified in 70% of cases in women over the age of 35. The infection most often occurs during unprotected sex. The painful condition is associated with the following pathologies:

• Genital warts and genital warts.
• Colon cancer in men.
• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.

It is impossible to completely cure the virus, but with early diagnosis and appropriate therapy, cells can be protected from destruction and malignancy. For this purpose, surgical removal of growths, a course of antiviral therapy and medication to strengthen the immune system.

Human papillomavirus 53

HPV 53 infection is possible by contact with the mucous membranes or skin cells of an infected person. This genotype has low carcinogenicity and therefore does not pose a risk of malignant transformation.

After infection, the virus can remain dormant for an extended period of time. The action of various factors, such as weakening of the protective properties of the immune system leads to its activation. As a result, epidermal cells begin to actively divide, forming wart neoplasms and genital warts.

Treatment of papillomavirus type 53 is to remove skin growths, take antiviral drugs and strengthen immunity.

Human papillomavirus 56

One of the types of human papillomavirus infection is HPV 56. This type is characterized by high oncogenicity and is associated with the following pathologies:

• Non-condylomatous genital lesions.
• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.
• Cancer of the genital mucosa.

The virus is dangerous to both women and men, causing genital warts and other tumors. The penetration of infection into the body occurs through the mucous membranes during unprotected sex or with an open wound on the epidermis.

HPV 56 requires complex treatment. Therapy consists of taking antiviral drugs, removing the growths surgically and strengthening the immune system. Particular attention is paid to preventive measures to protect the body from infection.

Human papillomavirus 58

The viral pathogen from the category of medium risk of malignant transformation is type 58. The infection is included in the alpha group, ie contributes to the appearance of such pathologies:

• Non-condylomatous genital lesions.
• Condyloma on the inner surface of the anus.
• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.

Once introduced into the body, it provokes the appearance of small growths with a dense and soft structure. Depending on the location, they can be light pink or brown. This genotype is very common in the neck, armpits, intestines, external and internal genitals, and bladder.

The danger of infection is due to the latent course of the infectious process. Because the pathogen can be dormant for a long time. Early diagnosis and an integrated approach to treatment can prevent complications of human papillomavirus type 58.

Human papillomavirus 59

The HPV 59 genotype refers to oncogenic viruses. Under the influence of certain factors it can cause damage to the tissues of the cervix and uterine epithelium, provoking a precancerous condition. Infection with this pathogen occurs through unprotected anal or vaginal contact, less frequently during oral sex.

Often the infection does not last long. But the appearance of skin growths and warts indicates its activation. Genital warts form on the external genitalia and their mucous membranes.

Viral DNA and PCR analysis is performed to diagnose a painful condition. Treatment consists of taking antiviral drugs to suppress the infection.

Human papillomavirus 66

Very often the appearance of warts and papillomas on the body is associated with infection with papilloma virus type 66. In this case, the skin growths have the most inappropriate location: armpits, perianal and periorbital areas, perineum, genital mucosa.

Usually after the infection, the infection is dormant for a long time. But under the influence of certain factors it is activated. These factors include:

• Weakening of the immune system's defenses.
• Unbalanced diet.
• Bad habits.
• Frequent change of sexual partners and unprotected intercourse.
• Failure to follow the rules of personal hygiene.
• Frequent abortions, etc.

Treatment of HPV 66 is aimed at removing skin growths and eliminating factors that provoke the spread of infection. Antiviral therapy and vitamins are taken to increase immunity. Preventive measures include vaccination, timely treatment of any disease and a healthy lifestyle.

Human papillomavirus 67

According to studies, type 67 HPV belongs to viruses with a medium status of oncological degeneration. That is, infection with this genotype under certain conditions can provoke precancerous conditions.

The infection penetrates the mucous membranes and damaged skin. The infection is manifested by papillomatous growths on the body. Growth can also form on the lining of the cervix.

Human papillomavirus 68

68 The HPV genotype has low oncogenicity and is manifested by skin growths with different localization. The high prevalence of defects and their frequent injuries are dangerous. Because at this stage, viral DNA replaces healthy cells, changing their structure. If the problem goes unnoticed, then the active progression of papillomavirus type 68 can lead to cancer.